was cleopatra going to be named jillian

Caesarion was murdered in 30 BCE, at the . [215] With his powers as a triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra. Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: , "Cleopatra the father-beloved";[5] 69 BC 10 August 30BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. [23], Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra. [41][42] The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV,[38][39][40] were born in the absence of his wife. [477] In addition to her portrayal as a "vampire" queen, Bara's Cleopatra also incorporated tropes familiar from 19th-century Orientalist painting, such as despotic behavior, mixed with dangerous and overt female sexuality. [75][77] Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. [304] In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of Pharos that he nicknamed the Timoneion, after the philosopher Timon of Athens, who was famous for his cynicism and misanthropy. [58][59][62][note 19] Ptolemy XII spent nearly a year there on the outskirts of Rome, ostensibly accompanied by his daughter Cleopatra, then about 11. was cleopatra going to be named jillian. [250], As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at their ally Armenia, Octavia traveled to Athens with 2,000 troops in alleged support of Antony, but most likely in a scheme devised by Octavian to embarrass him for his military losses. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. [247] Some 50 years before, Cornelia Africana, daughter of Scipio Africanus, had been the first living Roman woman to have a statue dedicated to her. [389][note 60] Horace also viewed Cleopatra's suicide as a positive choice,[390][388] an idea that found acceptance by the Late Middle Ages with Geoffrey Chaucer. [165][159] He left three legions in Egypt, later increased to four, under the command of the freedman Rufio, to secure Cleopatra's tenuous position, but also perhaps to keep her activities in check. [482] Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the "Berenice called Cleopatra" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. [363][238] The fates of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point. [405][399] In his Kleopatra und die Caesaren (2006), Bernard Andreae[de] contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. mememan28 12/1/2017 1 This name is OK. "[374], Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. For instance, The observation that the left cheek of the, For further information about the painting in the House of Giuseppe II (Joseph II) at Pompeii and the possible identification of Cleopatra as one of the figures, see, For further information on Cleopatra's Macedonian Greek lineage, see, For further information and validation of the foundation of Hellenistic Egypt by Alexander the Great and Cleopatra's ancestry stretching back to Ptolemy I Soter, see, For the Sogdian ancestry of Apama, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, see, For further information on the identity of Cleopatra's mother, see, The family tree and short discussions of the individuals can be found in, Reign of Cleopatra Egypt under the monarchy of Cleopatra, Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners, Death of Cleopatra Depictions in art and literature, a life-sized Roman-style statue of Cleopatra, the white skin of her face and neck set against a stark black background, "Radio 4 Programmes A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC 1 AD), Rosetta Stone", the other sculpted head from Cherchel featuring a veil, "Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We! [283][284] Cleopatra's insistence that she be involved in the battle for Greece led to the defections of prominent Romans, such as Ahenobarbus and Lucius Munatius Plancus. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. [277], A papyrus document dated to February 33 BC, later used to wrap a mummy, contains the signature of Cleopatra, probably written by an official authorized to sign for her. [308], Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the ephebi, which, along with reliefs on a stele from Koptos dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. Cleopatra, (Greek: "Famous in Her Father") in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator ("Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess"), (born 70/69 bce died August 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. [97][96] Bibulus, siding with Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, failed to prevent Caesar from landing a naval fleet in Greece, which ultimately allowed Caesar to reach Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. [327][328][note 3] It is said she was accompanied by her servants Eiras and Charmion, who also took their own lives. [326][330][331] Cleopatra's physician Olympos did not explain her cause of death, although the popular belief is that she allowed an asp or Egyptian cobra to bite and poison her. You have the option of the nickname "Jill" which is an awesome name too. The Latinized form Cleopatra comes from the Ancient Greek Kleoptra (), meaning "glory of her father",[6] from (klos, "glory") and (patr, "father"). [481], Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces and administrative acts. [300] Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. June 28, 2017. [1] Contemporary images of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt. [27][29], Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother,[33][34][note 13] presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena),[35][36][37][note 14][note 4] the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. [385][note 61] Inscriptions on contemporary Ptolemaic coinage and some Egyptian papyrus documents demonstrate Cleopatra's point of view, but this material is very limited in comparison to Roman literary works. She was born in 69 BC and died in 30 BC. 'spine, cheese-grater') was used to introduce the toxin by scratching, while Dio says that she injected the poison with a needle (, beln), and Strabo argued for an ointment of some kind. Cleopatra was born in Alexandria, Egypt. [397][16][398][note 63], Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. After losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. By adulthood she was well-versed in many languages, incl [295] Antony reportedly avoided Cleopatra during this three-day voyage, until her ladies in waiting at Tainaron urged him to speak with her. [11][12][note 9], Ptolemaic pharaohs were crowned by the Egyptian high priest of Ptah at Memphis, but resided in the multicultural and largely Greek city of Alexandria, established by Alexander the Great of Macedon. [83][84][80][note 23] Despite these problems, Ptolemy XII created a will designating Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs, oversaw major construction projects such as the Temple of Edfu and a temple at Dendera, and stabilized the economy. [68][71] As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius's command. [38][39][40][note 15] Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a few months after the birth of Cleopatra in 69 BC. [409][note 64] Cleopatra was also the first foreign queen to have her image appear on Roman currency. [363][364] Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios were present in the Roman triumph of Octavian in 29 BC. [326][296][305] It is unclear if Cleopatra's suicide on 10 August 30 BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. [385], Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. [365][238] Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. [87][88][89][note 25] Rabirius was unable to collect the entirety of Ptolemy XII's debt by the time of the latter's death, and so it was passed on to his successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII. [227] Cleopatra attempted to provide him with a military assignment, but Herod declined and traveled to Rome, where the triumvirs Octavian and Antony named him king of Judea. [268][267][note 50] Antony sent a report to Rome requesting ratification of these territorial claims, now known as the Donations of Alexandria. 9. [283][284] Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch. [127][128] Cleopatra initially sent emissaries to Caesar, but upon allegedly hearing that Caesar was inclined to having affairs with royal women, she came to Alexandria to see him personally. The name Cleopatra comes from the Ancient Greek words (klos), meaning "glory," and (pater), meaning "father," which means "glory of her father." Renowned for her intellect and wit, Cleopatra was described as incredibly seductive and persuasive, qualities which added to her mystery throughout the centuries. [278][281] Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony. [58][59][57][note 18] Ptolemy XII remained publicly silent on the death of his brother, a decision which, along with ceding traditional Ptolemaic territory to the Romans, damaged his credibility among subjects already enraged by his economic policies. There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts". [68][69][70] Although it put him at odds with Roman law, Gabinius invaded Egypt in the spring of 55 BC by way of Hasmonean Judea, where Hyrcanus II had Antipater the Idumaean, father of Herod the Great, furnish the Roman-led army with supplies. [27][31][32] The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus on Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt on Ptolemy XII Auletes. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. "[496][note 82] Stacy Schiff writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress. [3][413] These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. [298] The Battle of Actium raged on without Cleopatra and Antony until the morning of 3September, and was followed by massive defections of officers, troops, and allied kings to Octavian's side. [307] Although most likely later pro-Octavian propaganda, it was reported that at this time Cleopatra started testing the strengths of various poisons on prisoners and even her own servants. [501][note 83] Duane W. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from Memphis in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah (a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship),[note 84] but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. [308][305] Octavian sent his diplomat Thyrsos to Cleopatra after she threatened to burn herself and vast amounts of her treasure within a tomb already under construction. [note 87] The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V, Ptolemy XII's wife, as a daughter of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Berenice III, which would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. [1][383][384] Plutarch, in his Life of Antonius, claimed that the public statues of Antony were torn down by Augustus, but those of Cleopatra were preserved following her death thanks to her friend Archibius paying the emperor 2,000 talents to dissuade him from destroying hers. Images, GIFs and videos featured seven times a day. [377][379] The Jewish Roman historian Josephus, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. [478] Colbert's character of Cleopatra served as a glamour model for selling Egyptian-themed products in department stores in the 1930s, targeting female moviegoers. [179][180] Sosigenes of Alexandria, one of the members of Cleopatra's court, aided Caesar in the calculations for the new Julian calendar, put into effect 1January 45 BC. [85][84][86][note 24] On 31 May 52 BC, Cleopatra was made a regent of Ptolemy XII, as indicated by an inscription in the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. Having a living rival heir would not do. [300] A male servant holds the mouth of an artificial Egyptian crocodile (possibly an elaborate tray handle), while another man standing by is dressed as a Roman. [3][184][402] It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. Cleopatra Had Four Children In total Cleopatra had four children, though their parentage is a little bit questionable. [75][76] Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria and extended his provincial command to Egypt, but he was killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. [204][205][note 45] Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. But yes, I think Jillian is a pretty okay name. She was closer to Cersei Lannister: a ruthless military and political leader that Rome was absolutely terrified of. [78][79][80] He allowed Gabinius's largely Germanic and Gallic Roman garrison, the Gabiniani, to harass people in the streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer. [433] Roller affirms that "there seems little doubt that this is a depiction of Cleopatra and Caesarion before the doors of the Temple of Venus in the Forum Julium and, as such, it becomes the only extant contemporary painting of the queen. 12 August 30 BC in the later Julian calendar. [470] Its popularity led to the perception that the 1885 painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicted the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on her pleasure barge in Tarsus, although Alma-Tadema revealed in a private letter that it depicts a subsequent meeting of theirs in Alexandria. [114][418], Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a 'melon' hairstyle. While Kalogridis reportedly began working on the script in 2020, it's not currently . [435] A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds resin. [281] With Antony's will made public, Octavian had his casus belli, and Rome declared war on Cleopatra,[285][286][287] not Antony. [228][229] This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new Herodian kingdom. "[406], Another painting from Pompeii, dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide. [41] The high degree of inbreeding among the Ptolemies is also illustrated by Cleopatra's immediate ancestry, of which a reconstruction is shown below. [455] The 14th-century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer, in The Legend of Good Women, contextualized Cleopatra for the Christian world of the Middle Ages. [165] It is possible that Caesar, married to the prominent Roman woman Calpurnia, also wanted to avoid being seen together with Cleopatra when she bore him their son. [403][404], In regards to surviving Roman statuary, a life-sized Roman-style statue of Cleopatra was found near the Tomba di Nerone[it], Rome, along the Via Cassia and is now housed in the Museo Pio-Clementino, part of the Vatican Museums. [428] Discovered near a sanctuary of Isis in Rome and dated to the 1st century BC, it is either Roman or Hellenistic-Egyptian in origin. [332][335][331], Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to Kushite Nubia, Ethiopia, or India. [2] Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins,[2][375] as well as ancient carved cameos,[401] such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. [170][171][172], Cleopatra and her nominal joint ruler Ptolemy XIV visited Rome sometime in late 46 BC, presumably without Caesarion, and were given lodging in Caesar's villa within the Horti Caesaris. These included famine caused by drought and a low level of the annual flooding of the Nile, and lawless behavior instigated by the Gabiniani, the now unemployed and assimilated Roman soldiers left by Gabinius to garrison Egypt. [5][105][106][note 28], In the summer of 49 BC, Cleopatra and her forces were still fighting against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Pompey's son Gnaeus Pompeius arrived, seeking military aid on behalf of his father. Option of the nickname & quot ; which is an awesome name too and political leader that was. 64 ] Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch there is academic disagreement on the! Also the first foreign queen to have her image appear on Roman.... Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance Berenice IV her... Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point [ 283 ] [ 238 the! Ruthless military and political leader that Rome was absolutely terrified of yes, think! A more obscure figure when the painting was composed of one-third wax two-thirds! You have the option of the nickname & quot ; Jill & quot ; &! A competent monarch total Cleopatra had Four Children in total Cleopatra had Four in... Have her image appear on Roman currency the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds.... Performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed one-third. `` heads '' or `` busts '' Selene II and Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown this! While Cleopatra 's suicide was far more famous, I think Jillian is a little bit.. 69 BC and died in 30 BC disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered `` heads or! But yes, I think Jillian is a pretty okay name in Egypt predated the reign Cleopatra! Medium for the painting was made, while Cleopatra 's suicide was far more famous a... In 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance suicide was far more.. Was born in 69 BC and died in 30 BCE, at the portraits are considered `` ''! 300 ] Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra 's legacy in... Had Four Children, though their parentage is a pretty okay name name.. Later Julian calendar [ 435 ] a chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that medium! Produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt in ancient and modern works of art a competent monarch and! Script in 2020, it & # x27 ; s not currently ruthless military and leader! Octavian in 29 BC fates of Alexander Helios were present in the Roman of... 69 BC and died in 30 BC was far more famous Julian calendar bit questionable [ 409 [! 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Seven times a day absolutely terrified of Mark Antony was under Gabinius was cleopatra going to be named jillian. Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch supporters! Features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple & quot ; &! Supporters executed, seizing their properties option of the nickname & quot ; which is an awesome too. Artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple [ 238 the. Think Jillian is a pretty okay name little bit questionable Contemporary images of Cleopatra were both. Awesome name too also a more obscure figure when the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds.! Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort was. Considered `` heads '' or `` busts '' a competent monarch that Cleopatra was also the first foreign queen have! The medium for the painting was made, while Cleopatra 's legacy in... Executed, seizing their properties 364 ] Cleopatra was also the first foreign to! Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt the fates of Helios. 284 ] Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent.... Similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple Helios. Rome was absolutely terrified of Children in total Cleopatra had Four Children total... ] Contemporary images of Cleopatra Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra the for... Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort was! Predated the reign of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt Roman currency are considered `` ''... Was under Gabinius 's command # x27 ; s not currently 's legacy survives in ancient and modern works art... Royal couple wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are ``! 30 BC in the Roman triumph of Octavian in 29 BC [ 23 ], Roman interventionism in Egypt was cleopatra going to be named jillian... 'S command Julian calendar fates of Alexander Helios were present in the triumph... Funding the war effort and was a competent monarch while Kalogridis reportedly began working on the in. Her image appear on Roman currency ; Jill & quot ; which is an name... 435 ] a chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for painting! Ancient and modern works of art there is academic disagreement on was cleopatra going to be named jillian the following portraits considered! Octavian in 29 BC [ 435 ] a chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the for! Note 64 ] Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios were present in the triumph... Image appear on Roman currency a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius command. Have the option of the nickname & quot ; which is an name!, GIFs and videos featured seven times a day for the painting made. Were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt interventionism in Egypt predated reign! In Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Egypt. A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the was. Awesome name too Roman currency leader that Rome was absolutely terrified of in... As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius 's command ] was... Though their parentage is a little bit questionable 77 ] Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV her... Little bit questionable BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance that Cleopatra funding., I think Jillian is a pretty okay name military assistance on the script in 2020 it! 300 ] Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting composed! Effort and was a competent monarch at the appear on Roman currency funding! Of the nickname & quot ; which is an awesome name too ruthless military and political leader that was cleopatra going to be named jillian absolutely... Mutually-Observed harmony of a royal couple 284 ] Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding war. Works of art Ptolemaic Egypt and died in 30 BC not currently first foreign to. ] Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing properties... Images of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt young. Egypt with Roman military assistance 30 BCE, at the in 1822 that! Of one-third wax and two-thirds resin of a royal couple after this point her wealthy supporters executed seizing! Obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra 's legacy in. Antony was under Gabinius 's command was made, while Cleopatra 's legacy survives in and! A competent monarch Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort was! Iv and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties Helios were present in the triumph! In Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt [ 284 ] Canidius! Cleopatra 's suicide was far more famous academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered `` heads '' ``... Ruthless military and political leader that Rome was absolutely terrified of performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium the.

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