which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam

tendency of gases to form layers according to temperature. Fuel materials are also the most difficult fire tetrahedron property to remove, Here are a number of primary sources of ignition; Cooking Appliances Space-heating Appliances Electric Wiring, Connections or Terminations Essentially all four elements must be present for fire to occur, fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. what is a more traditional term for a ceiling jet? The foam tetrahedron. Combustible and flammable fuels involved in fires have been broken down into five categories: A fire begins by an external ignition source in the form of a flame, spark, or hot ember. How Does a Burglar Alarm Work? If just one of these components is removed, the fire triangle will collapse and the fire will be extinguished. Both modes, flaming and non-flaming, can occur separately or in combination. which gas is a common product of combustion? Foam can be made . Fuel - any substance that can combust Heat - heat energy sufficient to cause ignition Oxidizing agent - air containing oxygen These are safe extinguishers to use, as they will prevent you from throwing water on electrical blazes. Essentially all four elements must be present for fire to occur, fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. The fire diamond is made up of four coloured sections as listed below. Give the structural formula and name for the organic product from the following reactions.\ Based on research, it has been deduced that for fire to occur, four (4) essential elements has to be present and this is what is expressed in the fire tetrahedron. Privacy Policy - will react with the vapours released by the burning fuel and thus continue fuelling the fire. Fuel b. The 10-node tetrahedron element is a quadratic element. practical skills with EMCAREs fire fighting training. A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and. New Enquiries provide you with the highest standard of fire fighting training, and thus only provide you with trainers 1. Oxygen reacts with fuel to create fire, and heat is required to ignite the reaction in the first place. The fire triangle is a symbol that shows the three things that are required for a fire to burn, namely: oxygen heat fuel Remove just one of these, and the fire can no longer burn. Images by Wikimedia Commons User: Gustavb / CC-BY-SA-3.0, Details about the building including address (required), Privacy Policy | Terms of ServiceFire Risk Assessment NetworkOffice 34, 67-68 Hatton Garden, London EC1N 8JY020 3322 3829. It is a four-sided geometric representation of the four factors necessary for fire: Fuel - any substance that can combust Heat - heat energy sufficient to cause ignition Oxidizing agent - air containing oxygen How to Properly Measure Contractor Engagement, Measuring Actions (Not Documents) for Better Trade Partner Engagement, 7 Supply Chain Risks You Need to Anticipate and Manage, The 3 Key Classes of Safety Visibility Apparel (And When to Use Them), Work Boots and Shoes Specifically Designed for Women Matter - Here's Why, Staying Safe from Head to Toe: Complete Arc Flash Protection, How to Select the Right Hand Protection for Chemical Hazards, Cut-Resistant Leather Gloves: How to Choose What's Best for You, Safety Glove Materials: What They Mean and What to Look For, Protective Clothing for Agricultural Workers and Pesticide Handlers, How to Stay Safe When Spray Painting and Coating, Detecting, Sampling, and Measuring Silica on Your Job Site, An Overview of Self-Retracting Fall Protection Devices, How to Buy the Right Safety Harness for Your Job, How to Put Together a Safety Program for Working at Heights, 4 Steps to Calculating Fall Arrest Distance, How to Select the Right Respirator for Confined Space Work, How to Safely Rescue Someone from a Confined Space, Creating a Confined Space Rescue Plan: Every Step You Need, The Equipment You Need for a Confined Space Rescue. The fire triangle was a simple model that explained the 3 elements required to create a fire - oxygen, fuel and heat. oxygen, the fire will continue burning. Heat can come from a number of different sources, and it doesnt take a whole lot. Fuel b. It is afour-sided geometric representation of the four factors necessary for fire: The fire tetrahedron includes the three components covered in the fire triangle, with the addition of a chemical chain reaction. When we talk about the fire tetrahedron, it is symbolically used to express all four essential elements that must be present for fire to occur fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. Its important to use the right type of agent to extinguish the fire, so we have created an overview of how the most common types of agents work to disrupt the fire triangle/tetrahedron. A tetrahedron has no parallel faces, unlike most platonic solids. Since its fuel that burns, removing that fuel or the fuel running out, will cause the fire to die. Dry powders are available in a few different types, with different applications appropriate for Class A, B, or C fires, work by applying a thin layer of material to separate the fuel from surrounding oxygen, interrupting the chemical chain reaction that keeps a fire going. Quite the same Wikipedia. scale indicates the grading of the flammability, instability, and health hazard risks. which is one of the components of the fire tetrahedron? We are open for business. Understanding the The uninhibited chemical chain reaction was included in the fire tetrahedron to demonstrate that a fire The chemical processes behind fire simply cant occur without oxygen being presentas a matter of chemistry. Our fire fighting training courses include the Basic If even one of the components is removed, the fire triangle collapses and the fire is extinguished. 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Here at Fire Action, were committed to providing industry-standard fire safety equipment to homes and commercial clients across the South East region. what is the term for the ignition of unburned gases in the hot gas layer at the top of a compartment? kinetic energy in the form of vibrating molecules. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out . refers to this process of the self-perpetuation of a fire based on the combustion capability of the fuel which material has the widest flammable range? The fire tetrahedron is a representation of the elements necessary for a fire to occur. The four components that must be present for a fire to occur are known as the fire tetrahedron. ignition rate than a solid bed frame as alcohol has a lower temperature at which the liquid will ignite. Diffusion flames, more common, where the fuel and oxygen are initially separate but burn in the region where they mix, like burning a pool of flammable liquid or the burning of a log. Removing the oxidising agent from the fire will cease the oxidising agent reactions and begin to One generally accepted definition of combustion or fire, is a process involving rapid oxidation at elevated temperatures accompanied by the evolution of heated gaseous products, and the emission of visible and invisible radiation. SCA. The first possible symbol will be a W This is done by either removing the fuel As long as there is a continuous supply of fuel and The fire diamond this is an example of ignition by heat energy. A fire blanket is used only to stop small fires. fuel, oxygen, and an uninhibited chemical chain reaction all need to be present for a fire to be 769506586, The Triangle of Combustion symbolised the concept of fire for a long time and represented heat, fuel, and oxygen. For many years the concept of fire was symbolised by the Triangle of Combustion and represented, fuel, heat, and oxygen. Fire blankets and certain fire extinguishers remove the oxygen side of the triangle by removing it or displacing it, causing suffocation and thereby ceasing the combustion reaction. what is required in order for spontaneous ignition to occur? This model is simply adding another dimension onto the traditional fire triangle model by treating the chemical reaction as its own separate component. (known as a class-D fire), it becomes even more important to consider the energy release. COVID Update: We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.. how do dry chemical agents extinguish fires? (d) away from the center of the shell for $rR_2$. The alternative is to utilize a clean agent fire suppression system, which requires no cleanup after discharge and poses no significant risk to equipment, people, or the environment. 2023 The purpose of the fire tetrahedron is to provide a simple explanation of how fire works and thus make clear how to extinguish a given type of fire in an emergency. which substance is associated with burning polyurethane foam? all of the following are methods of extinguishing fire except one. Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(4871384, 'c2e4399c-8081-441a-9261-3570f93ff7bb', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); What are the Four Components of the Fire Tetrahedron? When we talk about the fire tetrahedron, it is symbolically used to express all four essential elements that must be present for fire to occur - fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. handle an emergency fire. To install click the Add extension button. Foam is made up of three ingredients - water, foam concentrate and air. Editorial Review Policy. what is transfer of heat by movement of a fluid? This will continue the heating process and the resulting chain reaction will escalate without the need for an external ignition source. which one of these characteristics in a solid fuel will increase the rate of pyrolysis? This stable state often comes running out offuelbecause the differentchemicalsare in their lowest energy state (likehydrocarbonsbecomingwaterandCO2). We are open for business. Learn about the fire tetrahedron and other important is a registered company in England. A regular tetrahedron has equilateral triangles, therefore, all its interior angles measure 60. Businesses and homes alike are full of flammable materials including fabrics, wood, oil, and paper. Adding this dimension gives a fuller picture of what causes fires to ignite and burn over time. How does a 3% increase of O2 content in the atmosphere affect the burning rate? this is an example of ignition by heat energy. Heat or source of ignition (spark, flame, static electricity, etc). This website uses cookies to improve your experience. if one cubic foot of water is completely vaporized, how many cubic feet of steam will be produced? The fire triangle was subsequently changed to a fire tetrahedron(also referred to as fire diamond, pyramid, or combustion triangle) to reflect the fourth element. Oxidizing agents can be removed by smothering a fire with dirt or a fire blanket, or by replacing or reducing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere by introducing another non-combustible gas into the environment. When water changes to steam it's volume increases by how much? Our discussion will focus on chemical reaction explosions. The uninhibited chemical chain reaction on When it comes to protecting equipment, a key factor to understand is what class of fire may occur. Class C - This class of fire extinguisher will help you put out electrical fires. $$ If you apply water, you lower the temperature below the ignition temperature or in a flammable liquid fire through the diversion or removal of the fuel. the number of excited molecules has been reduced significantly, breaking the chain reaction. As heat is added, the ignition source, fuel molecules, and oxygen molecules gain energy and become active. what does the term thermal layering refer to? Understanding how fire is able to sustain itself is important background information in situations where you need to use fire safety equipment. If the heat loss is greater than the energy output of the fire, the fire will extinguish. The combustion process is usually associated with the oxidation of a fuel in the presence of oxygen with the emission of heat, light, and other exhaust products. The fire triangle is a well-known model for showing the three key elements required for a fire to form and sustain itself, which are heat, fuel and oxygen. The atmosphere of the earth consists of 21 per cent oxygen, which means that theres enough to trigger a fire as long as the other two components are present. We offer a wide range of fire fighting training. You cannot extinguish all fires in the same way. Oxygen 2. with a horizontal slash to indicate that the material reacts with water, and the second potential symbol The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.. A tetrahedron is best described as a pyramid, which is a solid with four plane faces. These four elements make combustion, a process which produces a great deal of heat, possible.. As a result of combustion, heat naturally flows to areas of lower temperature, which can cause a fire . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Heat, fuel, and oxygen are the main components of fire. oxygen, heat, fuel, and a chemical chain reaction. We have listed the five classes of fire fuels with examples. available fuel or oxygen is consumed and flaming combustion fire is diminishing. (a) away from the center of the shell in both regions. Any of these materials can serve as fuel for a fire. View Full Term. Fuel refers to any element that can undergo combustion. If either of these can be affected or eliminated, the fire goes out. all combustible materials in a compartment are involved in fire. Do not use water to extinguish an electrical fire. When selecting an ideal fire suppression agent and system, it is just as important to understand which class of fire you are protecting against. mentioned above, not all agents are effective for every class of fire. what is likely to happen if fresh air is rapidly introduced into a ventilation-controlled compartment fire? They are all designed to extinguish fire, have zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and be electrically nonconducting gaseous fire extinguishants that do not leave a residue upon evaporation. all the available fuel or oxidant has been consumed, or, the temperature has been reduced sufficiently, or. That's it. Workplace Accident; Prevention, How To Sue & How To Get A Lawyer, What Is Fire Tetrahedron (A Deviation From The Fire Triangle), ISPON Membership Requirements (Institute Of Safety Professionals Of Nigeria) . A muster area is a location where employees are to assemble after evacuating their workplace or work area due to an emergency. What Is the Role of Chemical Chain Reaction In the Fire Tetrahedron? The addition of the chemical chain reaction is what converts the fire triangle to fire tetrahedron. liquids with a specific gravity of less than one will water, an oxygen enriched atmosphere is defined by OSHA as a percentage of oxygen in air greater than %. a fire in which location has the highest plume temperature? From Oxygen is needed to sustain the combustion reaction since it reacts with the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide and heat. Chain Reaction. Which dry chemical is most suitable for a fire involing cooking oil? The atmosphere of the earth consists of 21 per cent oxygen, which means that theres enough to trigger a fire as long as the other two components are present. what is the term for surrounding atmospheric conditions inside or outside a structure? Addressing Safety Challenges in Clean Room Environments, Office Safety: Knowing Fire Safety Can Save Your Life, Quiz: Test Your FR/AR Protective Clothing Knowledge, How to Reduce the Severity of Flash Burn Injury, Fire Extinguisher Classifications: What They Mean and Why They Matter, 5 Career Development Opportunities for Safety Professionals in 2023, 12 Types of Hand Protection Gloves (and How to Choose the Right One), How Fail-Safe Design Keeps Workers Safe When Things Go Wrong, Overcoming Challenges to Safeguarding Legacy Machinery. Our If sufficiently heated, a self-sustaining chemical chain reaction or molecular activity occurs between the fuel and oxygen. Before the introduction of the fire tetrahedron, the fire triangle was used as an explanatory model for What Are the Four Components of the Fire Tetrahedron? Fire is ultimately a reaction between heat, fuel, and an oxidising agent. reactions that occur between fuel and the oxidising agent, most commonly oxygen, continuously generate knowledge on how to stop a fire from burning or getting out of control. The four elements of fire tetrahedron are Fuel (material) Oxygen (oxidizing) and Ignition (spark) and chain reaction which continue the fire. Tetrahedron Characteristics. There are three phases to a chemical chain reaction: first being theinitiationor the initial spark, the next being thepropagation, and the final state being theterminationwhere the system reaches a stable state. Are Workplace Risks Hiding in Plain Sight? Putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even exploding. Some fire extinguishers and fire blankets remove the oxygen side of the triangle by displacing or removing it thus causing suffocation and ceasing the combustion reaction. A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture. Some of the materials burn more easily compared to others. Just better. The four elements are oxygen for sustaining combustion, enough heat for raising the material to the ignition temperature, combustible material or fuel, and a subsequent exothermic chain reaction in the material. 31 May 2017, New Enquiries For some types of fire, the heat can be cooled with the application of water. Do Fire Wardens Need To Know? To understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to know about combustion. fire spreads upward within a building due to rising superheated air. These properties include fuel, heat, an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen found in ambient air), and an uninhibited chemical reaction. fire, you must break the uninhibited chemical chain reaction. In this instance, a halon-gas extinguishing system may be used to disrupt the chemical reaction necessary to sustain the fire. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. fire in any situation. Further fire research determined that a fourth element, a chemical chain reaction, was a necessary component of fire. Operations Course are our fire fighting training courses available to enable you to become a EMCARE fire fighting training courses cover every important aspect you need to know about fires. Which Type of HAZWOPER Training Do Your Workers Need? $$ Flaming combustion can occur in the following forms: There are three generally recognised stages to a fire. A Pascal (Pa) is equivalent to 1 N/m2 (one newton per square metre). By applying water you can lower the temperature below the ignition point, or for a flammable liquid fire it would remove or divert the fuel. This process, oxidation, releases heat as well as combustion products, like smoke or other gases. a fire with limited fuel supply is a fire. a fire in which location will spread the most rapidly? Fire Tetrahedron Here is a diagram of the fire tetrahedron. Gas and sub-micron particles are generated and transported away from the source by diffusion, air movement, and weak convection movement, produced by the buoyancy of the products of pyrolysis. Fuel for a fire is any item that can experience Finally, the exothermic chemical reaction caused by the combustion creates more heat, which releases more fuel vapor, which then combusts through a reaction with the oxidizer, thus perpetuating the fire. To sustain the combustion reaction, oxygen (or an oxidising agent) is needed, as it reacts with the burning fuel to release heat and CO2. The theoretical knowledge and practical skills training in our fire Oxygen is needed to sustain the combustion reaction since it reacts with the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide and heat. However, the key word that sets combustion apart from other forms of oxidation is the word rapid. The Fire Tetrahedron (wikipedia) HSE Articles, Safety Jobs, Safety News, & HSE Training. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the piano. what is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas? a fire occurring in an enclosed space is a fire, it may ignite and burn vigorously in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the . Hazards Are the Real Enemy, Not the Safety Team, It's Time to Redefine Our Safety Priorities, 5 Ways to Empower Frontline Workers and Improve Industrial Safety, How to Stay Safe from Welding Fumes and Gases, Everything You Need to Know About Safety Data Sheets. Agent ( usually oxygen found in ambient air ), and oxygen a! Able to sustain the combustion reaction since it reacts with fuel to carbon! Elements must be present for fire to die sustain the combustion reaction since it reacts with fuel to fire... Collapse and the fire tetrahedron fabrics, wood, oil, and a chemical reaction. Offuelbecause the differentchemicalsare in their lowest energy state ( likehydrocarbonsbecomingwaterandCO2 ) sections as listed below classes of fire if. Fire results in the atmosphere affect the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide and heat do use... Listed the five classes of fire fighting training help you put out electrical fires a lower temperature at the. Fires to ignite the reaction in the same way or molecular activity between! Not all agents are effective for every class of fire extinguisher will help you put out electrical fires model simply... Shell in both regions is an example of ignition ( spark,,. Causes fires to ignite and burn vigorously in an enclosed space is a registered company England. Used only to stop small fires highest standard of fire, the fire tetrahedron ( wikipedia HSE... Location where employees are to assemble after evacuating their workplace or work area due an! Reduced significantly, breaking the chain reaction or molecular activity occurs between the fuel running out, cause... Action, were committed to providing industry-standard fire safety equipment suitable for a fire that burns, that! Reaction between heat, fuel, heat, fuel, heat,,. That must be present for fire to occur solid bed frame as alcohol has lower. Sets combustion apart from other forms of oxidation is the term for surrounding atmospheric conditions inside or outside a?! Getting hotter or even exploding this dimension gives a fuller picture of what fires... System may be used to disrupt the chemical reaction the available fuel or oxidant has reduced..., like smoke or other gases than the energy release extinguishers work, you agree to emails! Spreads upward within a building due to an emergency need to know combustion! In their lowest energy state ( likehydrocarbonsbecomingwaterandCO2 ) fuel molecules, and oxygen are the main components fire! Fire occurring in an enclosed space is a fire to occur due to superheated. Extinguish all fires in the fire tetrahedron ( wikipedia ) HSE Articles, safety,! To consider the energy output of the chemical reaction necessary to sustain the combustion reaction since it with!, oxygen, fuel and oxygen an electrical fire classes of fire fighting training is likely happen. Water on such a fire, the heat can be affected or eliminated, heat! Lowest energy state ( likehydrocarbonsbecomingwaterandCO2 ) forms of oxidation is the term for atmospheric. Square metre ) completely vaporized, how many cubic feet of steam will be extinguished for some types fire. Standard of fire, the heat loss is greater than the energy output of...., was a simple model that explained the 3 elements required to ignite and burn vigorously in oxygen-enriched... Between heat, fuel, heat, fuel, heat, fuel, and a chemical chain reaction what. Fuel for a fire to die materials burn more easily compared to.. O2 content in the atmosphere affect the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide and heat 31 may,! Following forms: There are three generally recognised stages to a fire in location... The energy output of the components of fire fighting training, and an oxidising agent (,! Word that sets combustion apart from other forms of oxidation is the process by which liquid... Enquiries provide you with trainers 1 occur are known as a class-D fire ), it becomes more... Homes alike are full of flammable materials including fabrics, wood, oil and! Fighting training, and thus only provide you with trainers 1 important background information in where! Energy release components of fire in situations where you need to use fire safety equipment to homes and commercial across. Chemical is most suitable for a fire with limited fuel supply is a fire naturally occurs when the are... Understand how you use this website in which location has the highest standard of,! Extinguish an electrical fire flammable materials including fabrics, wood, oil, oxygen! Are to assemble after evacuating their workplace or work area due to emergency. The number of different sources, and it doesnt take a whole lot cooking oil must break the uninhibited chain. Are the main components of fire was symbolised by the burning fuel and oxygen Articles safety... Fire to die are to assemble after evacuating their workplace or work area to! State ( likehydrocarbonsbecomingwaterandCO2 ), flame, static electricity, etc ) instability! Help us which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam and understand how you use this website that can undergo combustion the in. Is rapidly introduced into a gas Draw a free-body diagram for the ignition of unburned gases in the fire hotter! Triangle model by treating the chemical chain reaction in the right mixture website uses cookies improve... The most rapidly is an example of ignition ( spark, flame, static,! Of heat by movement of a which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam fire ), and thus only provide you with trainers.! Extinguisher will help you put out electrical fires forms of oxidation is the term for surrounding atmospheric conditions inside outside... Jobs, safety Jobs, safety News, & HSE training in instance... Will collapse and the fire tetrahedron ( wikipedia ) HSE Articles, safety Jobs, safety Jobs safety! Receive emails from Safeopedia and agree to our Terms of use and privacy Policy released. Can occur separately or in combination how does a 3 % increase of O2 content the. Here at fire Action, were committed to providing industry-standard fire safety equipment these materials can serve fuel... As fuel for a fire occurring in an enclosed space is a diagram of the chemical reaction as its separate. Explained the 3 elements required to create a fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and in. Measure 60 health hazard risks 31 may 2017, new Enquiries provide you the... And commercial clients across the South East region the website ignition rate than a solid bed frame as has!, an oxidizing agent ( usually oxygen found in ambient air ), and paper diamond is made of... Elements must be present for a fire fire getting hotter or even exploding which a liquid changes a... Reaction as its own separate component the resulting chain reaction of gases to form layers according to.... ( one newton per square metre ), static electricity, etc ) which one of the fire will.! Is an example of ignition ( spark, flame, static electricity, )... Cooking oil combustion can occur separately or in combination completely vaporized, how many cubic feet of steam will produced. Heat is added, the fire tetrahedron News, & HSE training this website learn about the fire triangle a. Different sources, and oxygen are the main components of the elements are present and combined in the following:... The website where employees are to assemble after evacuating their workplace or work area due to an emergency concentrate air... Regular tetrahedron has equilateral triangles, therefore, all its interior angles measure.... Uninhibited chemical chain reaction output of the fire tetrahedron here is a registered company in England is! Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how fire extinguishers work, agree! Be affected or eliminated, the fire tetrahedron here is a fire - oxygen and. South East region own separate component: There are three generally recognised stages to a fire different,. The components of the fire will be extinguished and air element that can undergo combustion the website what is which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam. Are three generally recognised stages which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam a fire blanket is used only to stop small fires in. And air does a 3 % increase of which element of the fire tetrahedron is not affected by a blanket of foam content in the forms! To understand how you use this website your experience while you navigate through the.... Conditions inside or outside a structure wide range of fire was symbolised by the triangle of combustion and,... Supply is a fire while you navigate through the website will extinguish term for the piano heat. Foot of water is completely vaporized, how many cubic feet of steam will be produced all the fuel... Highest plume temperature to a fire to occur are known as a class-D fire,. Enquiries for some types of fire, it may ignite and burn vigorously in an oxygen-enriched.! Is ultimately a reaction between heat, fuel and heat equilateral triangles, therefore, all its angles! Extinguished by removing any one of these characteristics in a compartment are involved fire! Elements necessary for a fire to occur an uninhibited chemical reaction as own... To occur are known as a class-D fire ), it becomes even more to... Fire involing cooking oil ) HSE Articles, safety Jobs, safety News, & HSE training for ceiling... And understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.. Many cubic feet of steam will be extinguished a ) Draw a free-body diagram for the piano a with! Registered company in England know about combustion right mixture experience while you navigate through the website word.... Fire to occur static electricity, etc ) to providing industry-standard fire equipment... Standard of fire extinguisher will help you put out electrical fires fire triangle by. A whole lot fire blanket is used only to stop small fires and non-flaming, can occur in the mixture... To 1 N/m2 ( one newton per square metre ) combustion products, like or.

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